DoS-Deflate blocks numbers not IP addresses

Posted on August 5, 2008
Filed Under Denail of Service Attacks, Server Security, Web Hosting | Leave a Comment

We’ve seen a large number of problems with the impementation of the highly acclaimed (D)DoS-Deflate script which on occasions reads the netstat command incorrectly and subsequently blocks a single number instead of the IP address which exceeds the number of connections into the server on which it is installed. Please see http://deflate.medialayer.com/ to obtain the script and installation instructions.

This is purely down to the netstat command that DOS-Deflate uses, it does not account for some elements of the strings returned, particularly when the string ‘::ffff:’ that is added to http (port 80) connections.

To overcome this error a rewrite of the netstat command in the ddos.sh file (located in /usr/local/ddos directory if you installed in the default fashion). Line 117 reads…

netstat -ntu | awk '{print $5}' | cut -d: -f1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr > $BAD_IP_LIST

this should be rewritten to read as follows…

netstat -ntu | grep ':' | awk '{print $5}' | sed 's/::ffff://' | cut -f1 -d ':' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr > $BAD_IP_LIST

NOTE: this command should be written on a single line, you should also check each character as selecting and copying can sometimes lead to different characters being pasted!

We use the sed command to replace the ‘::ffff:’ with nothing (an empty string), thus removing it.

A slight improvement to a widely used and highly acclaimed script

The Web Hosting Affiliate Program ~ Affiliate Marketing

Posted on May 31, 2008
Filed Under Web Hosting | Leave a Comment

Affiliate Marketing, how ever long you have spent on the Internet either as a user, provider of some service or product or as a business, you will have heard of affiliate programs. They are in themselves a means of providing commission based earnings for affiliate scheme members. Wikipedia describes Affiliate marketing as a ‘web-based marketing practice in which a business rewards one or more affiliates for each visitor or customer brought about by the affiliate’s marketing efforts.’

The Internet offers a huge audience to the budding webmaster and a huge earning potential as a consequence, apart from selling advertising affiliate programs offer another method of making large gains from web site visitors, perhaps a greater income can be derived from targeted or relevant affiliate marketing to the content of the web site. Affiliate programs do after all offer a larger earning per click/sale than mere display of advertising. Let’s say for example that your web site specialises in offering webmaster resources, related affiliate programs will return a greater return because your audience will have an interest in buying particular products such as web hosting, so a web hosting affiliate program would be a very good commission earner for you.

The popularity of affiliate marketing amongst affiliate program members dictates the most popular methods of commission earning, with commission on actual sales generated being the most widely used commission method (at around 80% of programs offering that).

Commission Methods

With each Affiliate Program comes different methods of earning the commission on offer, and the various terms to describe those methods are often presented in abbreviated form which makes for some confusion:

CPS (Cost per Sale, AKA PPS - Pay per Sale) – Commission is earned from sales generated, this is usually the highest money earner and the vast majority of affiliate programs offer this due to its overall popularity.
CPA (Cost per Action or Cost per Acquisition, aka PPA - Pay per Action, aka CPL - Cost per Lead, aka PPL - Pay per Lead) – commission is earned from broader specification of action, including a purchase, submission of a form or information or some other interaction with the affiliate program advertising in place.
CPM (Cost per ‘Mile’, note that the Latin term Mile means Thousand and this abbreviation is normally seen as Cost per Thousand and therefore can also be CPT, aka PPI - Pay per Impression) – earnings are made each time the affiliate advertising is viewed one thousand times.
CPC (Cost per Click, aka PPC - Pay per Click) – earnings are made each time the affiliate advertising is click on (such an action would normally send the user to the advertisers’ own content).

Choosing the right affiliate program has to be determined by the best earning potential, CPS/PPS obviously offers that as the commission earned from a single sale is normally greater than the commission from showing a thousand of adverts look tiny. Hence the reason for its much wider use than CPM/CPA/CPC programs.

Tracking Methods

Tracking methods are very important because the Affiliate Program member wants to be as certain as possible that all referrals/clicks and impressions are properly recorded towards earning their commissions.

There are two common methods of tracking, Cookie/Session Tracking and IP Tracking. Cookie tracking is by far the most widely used and most reliable. We have all heard about Cookies in our Internet browsing experience, the site visited or advert displayed places a tiny file in the visitors browser cache allowing for tracking of the what the visitor sees and will see following the placement of that data. There follows another two methods from cookie tracking that are important to the affiliate, 1zst party cookies and 3rd party cookies. In the first instance, the cookie originates from the domain being visited, for instance, with CPS programs the cookie is normally placed after the user has clicked on the advertising and come to the advertisers’ own web space. Third party cookies are more unreliable as this involves a cookie from another domain being added while visiting the domain with the advert, in today’s software environment and with the plethora of AntiSpyware products freely available to the end user, third party cookies often get ‘tagged’ as being ‘undesirable’ by the anti-spyware software and therefore fail to actually get placed and used in the users’ browsing. This is another reason that CPS programs are more popular.

Cookies also have lifetimes – a date at which they ‘die’ and have no valid use any more. So the next important consideration should be to the life set for the tracking cookie, 12 months is obviously very good and 30 day cookies are obviously not much good.

Payment Methods and Intervals

Another consideration for the affiliate program member, how and when will they get paid? Its common to offer online payment services (such as Paypal) to complete payment, and given the very safe operation of these services and their very wide use in Internet sales and purchasing they are a decent enough way to go. Check/cheque and bank transfers are great but often suffer bank penalties as a result of currency conversion whereas online payment services will hold the earnings int eh currency they are paid in, giving the recipient the choice of what they do with it – pay for goods in that currency or convert to their chosen currency and transfer to their bank or pay for goods in another currency. Converting currencies and transferring to banks with online payment services is often cheaper than banking a foreign currency check/cheque.

Payment intervals can vary, with the huge rise in Internet fraud and crime, affiliate programs often want to account for the ‘golden period’ of a transaction – there is normally a 90 day period in which a payee can claw back their payment if they have some ‘valid’ reason to do so. So affiliate program members can often expect to have to wait for 90 days or more from the date of earning that commission to receiving payment. That blank period can be worrying at the start of their membership and earnings, but of-course once the earnings start to come in they continue in a subsequent fashion, and its better to have a safe earning than one that will be clawed back from them as a consequence of some charge back.

Conclusion

Affiliate programs are the most widely used method to earn income from web site visitors, even shopping sites earn commission from targeted advertising from other or related sites owned by themselves or other companies.

To not get involved in affiliate programs is to not want to generate income from your web site and therefore be better equipped to build further develop your site and its place on the Internet.

There may not be such a thing as a free lunch, but there is such a thing as profit.

Blue Square House 2 NOC Outage

Posted on April 30, 2008
Filed Under Web Hosting | 1 Comment

There was an extended outage for several web hosts and servers from approximately 12.40pm today caused by a problem with Blue Square House 2 NOC in Maidenhead, Berkshire, England.

The initial explanation from Blue Square House 2 NOC …

   At approx 12:40pm today we experienced an issue with one of our four
   UPS systems whilst carrying our routine testing which resulted in
   this one UPS system powering off.

   This caused a short brown out to approx 30% of customers equipment
   located in BlueSquare 2 & 3 as the unit powered off in an unusual
   way. The remaining three UPS systems took the load, and continue to
   provide power to the sites.

Full UPS protection is in place and we are running as normal and our
UPS vendors are on-site investigating with senior management.

We aim to provide a further update within the next 3 hours.

We apologise for any inconvenience caused.

Remarkable how an UPS system can get ……. interrupted.

Frontpage error – The version (unknown) of the server extensions you are trying to uninstall cannot be uninstalled with this tool. You must upgrade this virtual server to the current version, and then use owsadm.exe to uninstall

Posted on April 7, 2008
Filed Under Frontpage, Web Hosting, cPanel Web Hosting | Leave a Comment

Frontpage© to be really honest is the bane of web hosts. The idea is great, but it was ill-conceived where web hosting is concerned. Woes are so common its not fair to the end user or the web host, but answers to resolve those woes are equally common but remarkable poorly covered on the Internet so here are a few tips to resolving those woes without waiting for your web host to say ‘Sorry we may offer third party scripting and services but we cannot support them’ …

1. Number one rule of all things, Frontpage Extensions have a terrible habit of screwing up folder permissions, form the web root down to sub folders. Assuming that you are in the usual Apache/Linux web hosting environment, then you will have a web root folder called public_html and a symlinked folder called www (that folder doesn’t actually exist, its a ‘ghost’ of [sym link to] the public_html folder there to satisfy the age old www concept [put in the politest and simplest terms]).

So first, let’s look at the permissions for the public_html folder (forget the www folder for the moment) and make sure that it has 0755 set for its permissions and all sub folders therein – every folder (not file) should have 755 permissions set in and including the public_html folder or whatever your web root folder is called). In some cases, changing permissions on the www folder to 755 can have a better affect, so if changing the permissions on the public_html folder does not work then try that instead. NOTE: In some cases you may need to have folders with 777 permissions (this is a bad thing but sometimes necessary, if your server has SuExec or mod_suphp installed you will also need to change those to 755 permissions).

2. The biggest mistake is to think that when moving or restoring a site complete with the ’special’ Frontpage folders will work fine, but it WILL NOT! The folders that are created when Frontpage is installed include …

_private
_vti_bin
_vti_cnf
_vti_log
_vti_pvt
_vti_txt

If you have copied or restored those then delete them now and then ‘clean up old frontpage extensions’ and reinstall front page extensions, otherwise you will see the following error message each and every time you try to uninstall them …

The version (unknown) of the server extensions you are trying to uninstall cannot be uninstall with this tool. You must upgrade this virtual server to the current version, and then use owsadm.exe to uninstall

… and the following error message each time you try to install them …

An access setup description is required when creating the root web

3. If these two options did not work then delete each and every .htaccess file in the web root and sub folders of the site having the problems (note any contents in case you have any settings of your own in the .htaccess files, such as redirects and mod-rewrite rules, add them back after you have successfully installed frontpage extensions). Remember also that if you delete any .htaccess files in any addon domain folders, you will have to reinstall frontpage extensions for that addon domain if used therein.

The solutions are fairly simple, its a shame that they are so poorly documented on the Internet but that’s purely born from the concept that ‘Microsoft wrote this stuff, they should provide the answer’. Hey, pee off the OS user en masse, what do you expect, a fan club?

Webdisk opens with notepad – how to get it to work properly

Posted on April 7, 2008
Filed Under cPanel Web Hosting, cPanel Webdisk | Leave a Comment

The cPanel Webdisk offer a Windows Explorer like method to manage your site files.

To use the application you need to click on the Webdisk icon in your control panel and follow the instructions. Once downloaded some users find that double clicking on the Webdisk icon on their computer opens it with Notepad instead of running the application as expected. This is due an incorrect file association setting, this can be remedied as follows …

1. Go to Control Panel and click on Folder Options

2. In the Folder Options window, click on the File Types tab

3. Scroll down the list of Extensions until you reach VBS and click once on it to highlight it in the list

4. click the Advanced button and an Edit File Type window will open

5. In the Actions list click once on Open to highlight it …

Edit file type window in Windows XP

6. Click the Edit button and a window called Editing action for type: VBScript Script File will open

7. In the box called Action: enter the following – &Open

8. In the box called Application used to perform action: enter the following – C:\WINDOWS\System32\WScript.exe “%1″ %*

9. Put a tick in the check box called Use DDE

10. Leave the entry box called DDE Message: completely empty

11. In the entry box called Application: enter the following – WScript

12. Leave the entry box called DDE Application Not Running: completely empty

13. In the entry box called Topic: enter the following – System

14. The window should now look like this …

Editing action for type VBScript Script File

14. All done now click the OK button

15. In the Edit File Type window click the OK button

16. In the Folder Options window click the OK button to save these changes

17. Your vbs file will now run as it should.

SEO and sites on the same IP address

Posted on March 23, 2008
Filed Under Domain Hosting, Multiple Domain Web Hosting, Web Hosting | Leave a Comment

There are some terrible myths out there concerning Search Engine Optimisation and how you host your web sites.

In this day and age and in particular with Multiple Domain Web Hosting Packages, webmasters often find it more feasible to host all of their web sites in one place. It makes sense financially and it makes sense from an administrative point of view, one log in and one place to edit, upload and manage the hosting itself.

Also, in the shared hosting environment, large web hosting providers can have as many as 15,000 web sites on one IP address (run a reverse IP tool on your site’s IP address to find out how many sites are hosted on it).

Google does not penalise sites for being hosted on the same IP, it just would not make any sense at all. In fact, Matt Cutt’s (Mr. Google to the SEO world) says it is nothing to worry about, but what you should be worried about is unique content which has value. See Matt Cutts’ answer to multiple sites on one IP address.

So, you are safe to host as many sites as you need to on one hosting account, but if they don’t carry unique content which is of value, then you are wasting your web space and time as you will eventually get penalised especially by Google who have complex algorithms which they use in determining placement in their search results.

Kernel Updates without the panic – reboot fails

Posted on February 1, 2008
Filed Under Kernel, Operating Systems, Updating software, Web Hosting | Leave a Comment

Updating your Kernel can be a very stressful excercise if the new kernel panics and wont reboot after the update, you’ll end up having to wait for someone at the datacentre, or via KVM, to cure the problem which can sometimes take hours. So…

If you are not running a customer kernel (if you don’t know the answer its probably no), then running yum -y update is good, but you need to put in a failsafe to fall back to the old or previously working kernel to save the ensuing downtime …

Run …

yum -y update

before rebooting, edit grub.conf and add …

panic=5

to the end of the kernel version lines, i.e….

# grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You do not have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /, eg. # root (hd0,0) # kernel /boot/vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda1 # initrd /boot/initrd-version.img #boot=/dev/sda default=0 timeout=5 splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz hiddenmenu title CentOS (2.6.18-53.1.4.el5) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-53.1.4.el5 ro root=LABEL=/ panic=5 initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-53.1.4.el5.img title CentOS (2.6.18-8.el5) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-8.el5 ro root=LABEL=/ panic=5 initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-8.el5.img

Then run this command from SSH as root…

echo "savedefault --default=1 --once" | grub --batch

Then reboot.

This will force a reboot on the next kernel version in the list if the latest one panics and fails to load. And then you can remove the update that failed to boot…

yum remove kernel-2.6.18-53.1.4.el5

obviously use the correct version number in the above example.

And then you will want to exclude that version from subsequent updates when using yum, so add an exclude in your yum.conf [MAIN] section…

exclude=kernel-2.6.18-53.1.4.el5

again, obviously using the correct version number in the example above.

Saving Disk Space

Posted on December 28, 2007
Filed Under Web Hosting, cPanel Web Hosting | Leave a Comment

How to save on disk space in your cPanel hosting account

There will come a time when you come to reach the limit of your web space, upgrading is always an option but we recommend you undertake a space saving exercise first, you may be surprised at how much space you can retrieve by following some simple steps …

Optimise those Images

Probably one of the best pieces of advice on saving space … optimise your images before use in your web pages. Only ever upload properly optimise images, the space saved can be very large indeed. When you otpimise try to aim for a reasonable file size that will aid speedy page display as well, whilst most of the planet is on Broadband, there is still a substatial amount of people still using much slower connections and of-course there are the mobile browsing devices we see so much of now.

We recommend that you aim for a maximum file size of 75kb for large images (more than 800 x 600), 50kb for medium sized images (from about 200 x 200 pixels up to about 800 x 600 pixels) and less than 25kb for smaller images, and then less than 5kb for things like buttons and repeated background images. These figures amy seem a bit idealistic but the effects on users’ browsing experience is noticeable and it will save substantial amounts of space.

In addition, consider the best file type for the image for the best optimisation while retaining good quality. Things like photographs should always be optimised as jpg or jpeg ~ this file type is best suited to maintain the quality of the image. JPG files can be further shrunk by applying a ‘progressive browser display’ optimisation (which has the effect of initially producing a blurred image as it loads to a crisp and clear one). Things like illustrations or cartoon like graphics should always be optimised as GIFs. Try to avoid PNG files as they are notoriously large and do not optimise as well as JPGs and GIFs, and BMP files are usually much larger again.

The best program for optimising GIFs is by far Marcomedia’s Fireworks, and the best for optimisation of JPGs is by far Adobe’s Photoshop, but both come with such an immense price tag so one has to consider the economics of the small investor, in which case PaintShop Pro is a very suitable option for both GIFs and JPGs. If your budget is that low that you cannot afford a graphics program to do the work for you then there are of-course some reasonably good free online image optimisers (http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=navclient&aq=t&ie=UTF-8&rls=GGLG,GGLG:2005-41,GGLG:en&q=free+image+optimisation).

Once you done this, don’t forget to check your page weight (see how large the page size including all code and images) by using a good free online web page analyzer.

Compress files for user download!

Many sites offer free or paid file downloads, if you do this, you should ensure that all download files are compressed, zip being the most popular format. Use a good compression program (such as WinZIP) to compress these files before offering them for download, this will save on space and bandwidth.

eMail

Yes, emails do take up disk space, albeit not necessarily a lot, depending on the content of the emails, but if you allow them to build up on the server they will take up a noticeable amount of space over time.

So always ensure that you have set your mail program to download emails and then delete them from the server. Also, keeping sensible quotas on email accounts is a must, not only to ensure that you can conserve space (you will get usage warning as your mailboxes reach their limits giving you time to take corrective action by deleting old and unwanted emails) but will help to prevent any flooding attacks (where spammers/spoofers use your email address to send spam to or to spoof in fake emails they send out to other Internet users). With a flooding attack you can end up receiving hundreds or thousands of unwanted emails in a very short space of time, so reaching your full space allocation can be avoided by setting sensible quotas on your mail accounts (use the ‘Email Accounts’ link in the ‘Mail’ section of your cPanel to change quotas on each mail account).

The other thing you should always avoid is setting a default address to collect unrouted mail (see our Blog entry on Preventing Mail Server Attacks for more).

Clean out unused files and images

Many of us change our site layouts and forget to remove files or images that are no longer in use, always try to do this whenever you make any page changes. Some HTML editors/FTP programs offer a synchronise facility (such as Dreamweaver) which will produce a report detailing file son the web server which are not in use by the current published pages and allow you to then check against those that you do not wish to keep. Removing those unwanted files and images can help save considerable space since most of your space will be taken up by these kinds of files be they in use or not.

Employ good coding practices

We should always code with conserving space and enabling easy updating in mind. Using HTML and CSS is one such good practice, with CSS you can prevent the necessity to duplicate code in your pages thereby keeping page code and subsequently file size to a minimum. A CSS style sheet (CSS = Cascading Style Sheet) can be used over and over for many pages, thus saving space and making it easier to update multiple page content and design or layout.

Dynamic content is another space saving tip that should not go unmentioned. Like CSS, using MySQL to save and reproduce page content is a great idea to produce dynamic content (this is how the various content management systems [CMS] work, such as PHP-Nuke, Mambo, etc). This again keeps file sizes to a minimum while allowing you to offer a much wider range of pages built on the fly rather than storing the entire page content as one static file.

Backups

Whilst a good web host would always maintain on server backups that do not count as part of your web space, web site backups generated by the user do count and can take up more space than any other thing mentioned in this article. We should always endeavour to download any backups we create and then delete them from our web space. Whilst backups are compressed, the level of compression is always limited as with any file or files, you could be looking at a file size of around 70% of the original when compressed, so a backup left in your web space (which let’s say is taking up 50mb of your 100mb space allocation, now add a full backup which is compressed to about 70% of its original size which would be about 35mb, so we now have 85mb usage of the 100mb allowed) will consume space.

Web Stats

Access logs are generated in real time as visitors come to web pages and each of the stats program that you have enabled in cPanel will also generate their own form of stats each day (during the server stats run) using those access logs. These stats can take up quite a lot of space, so we can look to saving this space by first deciding which stats program we want to use regularly (using only one will help to conserve quite a bit of space). To do this go into your control panel, then click on the ‘Choose Log Programs’ link in the ‘Logs’ section.

Decisions decisions …

Which stats program should you choose? We recommend AWStats as it presents a very user friendly interface with well laid out and comprehensive stats information. You may have another preference but take your time to look into each stats program and see which one you feel better with. Once chosen, simply uncheck the tick boxes under each stats program that you do not wish to use any more and click save to keep the changes. You will also notice that you can make separate choices for each sub or addon domain, you could even have different stats for each sub or addon domain.

Raw Log Files

The next thing is to deal with how the server handles your Raw Access logs, now these are used to build user friendly stats by using the aforementioned stats programs, so we do not necessarily need to keep these log files which count towards your total disk usage. This is not to say that the raw access logs have no other use, they can be very useful for pinpointing specific access records pertaining to let’s say a particular IP address, or a particular file. You can use raw access logs with the many log analysis programs that are available (such as Alterwind’s Log Analyzer Lite). In this case we need to download the log files once they have been fully created.

Go into your control panel and click on the ‘Raw Access Logs’ link in the ‘Logs’ section. We are now faced with the options page for your Raw Access Logs, now we need to make some decisions. Do you want to be able to analyse the raw access logs, remember that these logs are used to build the various web stats programs in your control panel, so you could easily see no need for them, but as said before these logs can be very useful for more detailed analysis by desktop based stats analysis programs (which can produce customised and detailed analysis files for you).

So if you do not want to keep them uncheck the first check box called ‘Archive Logs in your home directory at the end of each stats run’ this will prevent the raw access logs being kept when the web stats program(s) you have chosen are run each day. However, if you want to keep the raw logs for later analysis, keep this check box ticked.

The next option called ‘Remove the previous month’s archived logs from your home directory at the end of each month’ allows you to select whether the raw access logs are kept month by month. So if we check this option, the previous moth’s raw logs will be erased form the server, saving some disk space for you. If unchecked these raw logs will collect over time, each and every month to be precise.

We recommend that you select both options as it gives you the opportunity to not only use the raw access logs but also to save space by deleting the previous month’s raw logs (giving you the option to download them).

Continuing on the same page in your cPanel, we will see links to download the current month’s raw access logs, these will be compiled after each stats run and you can use these links to download to your local computer for use with a web stats analysis program (as previously suggested). Downloading them gives you the opportunity to then remove any that you no longer need to have on server, thereby saving more disk space in your hosting account. This is up to you to decide, but these raw access logs will always be available for download so long as you have the option Logs in your home directory at the end of each stats run’ ticked. If you don;t need or want to see these raw access log download links then simply uncheck that option (be aware though that you will then only be able to view your stats by using your cPanel and the stats program you ahve elected to use therein).

Avoid Errors

This tip gets little by way of mention; keeping errors to a minimum is useful in not only preserving web space usage (remember that each 404 error for instance ~ Page Not Found Error ~ will generate a log entry). 404 errors may not count for much on an individual basis, but a plethora of them can, so we need to avoid these. Common 404 errors are caused by missing robots.txt files (the files that search bots look for before crawling a site, and they will look for on each site, domain and sub-domain), missing error pages (yes that’s right an error means that an error page is always requested to explain the error, be that a 400, 401, 403, 404 or 500 error ~ so one error can generate two error records in the logs) and missing favicon files (the little image beside the URL in the browser address bar ~ browsers will request this each time they visit a page or a page is added to the favourites).

So, the first step should be to compile simple error pages, in cPanel click on the ‘Error Pages’ link in the ‘Advanced’ section and selet each domain you ahve hosted and create each of the error pages listed. cPanel is intuitive in this respect and offers to include page variables to report in the browser which is probably of more use to the user than they are to the webmaster. So keep it very simple and subsequently keep the page file size very small. One error page generated in this way will save much space in the web logs over time.

And, always make sure you have a robots.txt file for each and every site and sub-domain, it can be empty if you don’t want to use any robots.txt directives, but it will still prevent those wasteful error records in your stats logs.

Finally, create one single favicon for each site (unless you really want to use the same one for all sites) and code your pages to call that in your head tags using an absolute URL …

Creating this tiny little graphic is no mean feat, and we would recommend that you take the simple step of using a free online favicon generator.

If you have your own space saving tips, please leave a comment detailing them.

Unbranded Reseller Web Hosting

Posted on November 22, 2007
Filed Under Reseller Web Hosting, Unbranded Web Hosting, Web Hosting | Leave a Comment

What is White Label?

First, perhaps we should ask ~ What does White Label mean?

White Label is a name that comes from the image of an unmarked white label being white label products are unmarked and unmarked and unbranded ready for the reseller to mark with their own labelling placed on a product that a purchaser or reseller can then mark with their own name and brand, imagine a white label stuck on a bottle with no markings or writing on it at all. So, white label products and services are those which are offered without any makers, providers or perhaps even product labeling. Such white label products and services are subsequently available for other persons or organisations to add their own labelling and own branding to. The Wiki article on the term ‘White Label’ goes further to record the history of the expression as having originated to the use of white labeled vinyl records by Disc Jockeys.

Examples of white labeling

Supermarkets offer a fantastic example of white label products. White Labeling has been a popular form of supply and marketing for many years now, with supermarkets being a prime example of its success. Popular producers and providers offer their products and services with no labeling or branding to supermarkets who slap on their own labels and branding on making the popular supermarket brands that we see so much of today. The white labeling concept is further enhanced by the complete omission of the original makers identification, you wont see exactly who provided or manufactured the original product, instead it is adorned with the supermarket’s own branding imagery, logos and text. In fact, finding out who is the original producer or manufacturer can be quite a task in itself and not something that most shoppers would even contemplate for more than a moment. There are of-course some fairly reasonable assumptions that can be made concerning the original producer given the similarity between popular branded products and the supermarkets’ own brands. However, there are specialist food producers who make specifically white label products for resell with own branding, professional white labelling outfits.

Also, in the supermarket environment, the own branded products tend to be of a lower cost although they hold no guarantee that they are of the same ingredient or content of branded products. Given that the major supermarkets have immense bargaining power due to the large volumes at which they can buy, together with the facilities of professional white label producers to not only make the product but to go some steps further in offering production and application of branding for the supermarket. So the supermarkets wont actually buy the product with no labelling or branding, but the supply contract would usually involve the product being supplied with the supermarkets’ own labels and branding, etc. This brings the supermarket to only having to bear an initial purchase cost and consequent distribution from one or more central storage depots to the supermarket branches. Low cost on infrastructure and subsequently very low overheads.

Why white label is good

From the suppliers’ point of view the good thing about white labeling is that the reseller can offer a wider range of products and services to their clients without the extended cost of infrastructure involved in creating or manufacturing and distributing those products and services (consider the own-brand products that you see as you enter your local supermarket chain – from Banking/Credit card services, Insurance to food products). From the buyers’ point of view, they have a lower purchase cost to opt for or perhaps a product that integrates with their regular shopping routine and probably offers rewards for using or buying that own brand product.

It should never be overlooked that the supermarket giants having enjoyed such success with their own brand products in some cases may have taken the opportunity to maximise their profits further by investing in the infrastructure themselves to produce their own products. And this is the real success of white labelling – its a spring-board to really making your own, its a way of moving in that direction, taking the first step to becoming a producer yourself when your product becomes so popular with the purchaser and end users that you can use the accumulated profit to invest in being able to make your own and enjoy further growth in profits, and even to go further and produce product variants with that infrastructure.

White labeling has become such a successful venture for so many companies that the business of producing white label products and services is a highly lucrative venture in itself, so at many times those who ventured into buying white label products can easily come to produce white label products, moving from buyer to producer and supplier.

White Label Web Hosting

White Label Web Hosting follows this method and offers unbranded web hosting services and products to anyone who wants to start up and operate their own web hosting business whilst their customers will be unaware that the products and services are provided by another existing and established web hosting company.

White Label Reseller Web Hosting A look at the infrastructure and components of providing web hosting to end users can give an idea on why using a white label reseller service is a good idea. For a start, you will need a dedicated computer to host web sites (a Web Server), that needs to be plugged into a suitable structure (a Data Center) which then plugs into the Internet to connect with the rest of the world (Network providers and Data Carriers), the web server needs to have suitable software installed (such as web server software – Apache, operating systems (such as CentOS, Red Hat, etc), firewall and security software and user interface software (such as cPanel). The costs grow and grow and run into thousands, so when you have an established web hosting provider with all this in place, you can over-ride the cost of this yourself by renting their services in an unbranded encapsulation which allows you to offer web hosting to end users with your own name and branding.

Is it really white label though?

There are many web hosting providers who offer reseller web hosting, but whois lookups, trace-routes (tracerts) and reverse DNS lookups, domains and nameservers can quickly reveal who the provider of the service is.

White label web hosting should go as far to the core as can be by returning information which does not reveal the real provider in the results of these lookups and searches. Lookups have to return something, but they do not have to return the identity or brand of the resellers’ provider, in fact at each point they should be able to return the branding or name of the reseller, or an anonymous brand, in order to offer a credible white label product. The best white label reseller web hosting should offer dedicated IP addresses with the facility to have the reseller’s own host name registered against those IPs (custom reverse DNS – rDNS), custom nameservers and the facility to add the resellers’ own logos and branding to end user software (such as the cPanel control panel). In addition an anonymous shared SSL service for control panel logins is also a prerequisite to good quality white label reseller hosting.

Those who do not offer good white label reseller web hosting in this manner leave the reseller open to the possibility that the client will reconsider who they should buy the service from ~ should they use a ‘middle man’?

With white label web hosting it is possible for anyone to run their own web hosting business, while they rent or buy the actual web server space and services from an established provider. They do not have to take on the huge investment in any of the components that make up a web hosting service such as web servers, network connections, data centre staff, server administrators, server support technicians and web server software and system licenses. The cost is therefore kept very low allowing the reseller to make substantial margins on the products they can then brand and sell as their own.

What are addon, sub and parked domains all about then?

Posted on November 12, 2007
Filed Under Domain Hosting, Domain Names | Leave a Comment

What is an Add On Domain?

Add On domains offer you the capability to have more than one web site on your hosting plan. You will of-course already have a main domain on your account (the one that you set up your hosting account with in the first place).

To have an add on domain, you will first want to register (or point an existing domain you have already registered to our servers) another domain name. Then you will need to use the Addon Domain feature in your web hosting control panel (under the Domains section in cPanel).

When you add an add on domain, your control panel asks you for a user name and password. It uses the username to create a directory within your public_html directory which will house all files relating to that domain. The password allows for independent ftp access to that domain’s directory and files.

Now this is the really good part … an add on domain has the benefit of its very own URL, i.e. http://www.addondomain.com. So, anyone wanting to visit addondomain.com will see that very domain name in the address bar of their browser, so its just like a separate web site. An add on domain uses the space and bandwidth available to your main domain.

In addition, an add on domain has its own CGI and FTP access, its own email accounts and web stats. You can also create sub domains for your addon domains (i.e. subdomain.addondomain.com)

However, each add on domain does not have its own control panel. You can access stats and add on domain configuration using your existing control panel for your main domain (stats access is available using the sub domain stats link in the Web/FTP Stats section of cPanel).

Each add on domain also counts as a sub domain (which brings us to the next question below), which means that each time you add an add on domain, you have one less sub domain available to you (if your host limits the amount of subdomains in your hosting account).

Also, you can add any of the available instant site scripts (such as those in Fantastico) into any of your addon domains.

What is a Sub Domain?

A sub domain, also known as a third level domain, utilises your existing main domain and does not have its own domain name. Creating a subdomain does add a sub directory within your public_html directory just as an add on domain, but it is accessed only using the main domain in the URL, i.e. subdomain.maindomain.com

This gives you the opportunity to create memorable and unique URLs for important sections within your web site. A fine example would be Yahoo who use sub domains like games.yahoo.com, mail.yahoo.com and news.yahoo.com

In addition, sub domains also have their own web stats, which is also accessible from the Sub Domains link in the Web/FTP Stats section of cPanel.

Also, you can add any of the available instant site scripts (such as those in Fantastico) into any of your sub domains.

What is a Parked Domain?

A parked domain involves the use of another domain name (you will need to register a domain or point an existing domain that you have already registered to our servers to have a parked domain).

A parked domain is one which simply points to an existing domain. So let’s say you have domain1.com which you want to park on your maindomain.com (your main domain in your web hosting account). You would simply use the Parked Domains feature in the Domains section in cPanel to add domain1.com as a parked domain.

Once added, anyone going to domain1.com with their browser will see your main domain’s web page in their browser but with either your parked domain or main domain’s URL in the address bar (depending on whether you redirect the parked domain or not).

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